Bhagavad Gita
Historical Context
The Bhagavad Gita is a 700-verse Hindu scripture that is part of the Indian epic Mahabharata (chapters 23β40 of book 6 of the Mahabharata called the Bhishma Parva).
Timeline
Scholarly consensus dates the composition of the Gita to approximately the 2nd century BCE to 2nd century CE, with the epic setting itself dating back much further (around 900 BCE according to some astronomical and archaeological findings like the Painted Gray Ware culture at Hastinapur).
Real-world Evidence
The text was synthesized during a period of philosophical consolidation in ancient India, integrating various streams of thought (Sankhya, Yoga, Vedanta). The earliest surviving manuscripts and commentaries (like those by Adi Shankara in the 8th century) point to a long-established oral tradition before being documented in the classical era.
What led to it
Set in a narrative framework of a dialogue between Pandava prince Arjuna and his guide and charioteer Krishna, the Gita responds to a moral crisis. Facing a fratricidal war, Arjuna is overwhelmed by moral dilemma and despair. The discourse provides a philosophical resolution on dharma, selfless action, and spiritual liberation.